People with migraine often describe ‘trigger factors’ that increase the likelihood of them having a migraine attack. Examples of triggers include hormonal changes in women (such as changes that occur during the menstrual cycle), exposure to bright light, lack of sleep, hunger or dehydration, and stress.¹ Alternatively, migraine attacks may occur for no apparent reason.²

Each person will experience migraine differently, and may be able to manage their symptoms themselves, or may require treatment.^2,3

While every migraine is different, the symptoms associated with migraine are generally grouped by the two major subtypes of migraine: without aura, and with aura.¹ 

• Migraine without aura – a moderate-to-severe, throbbing headache, typically on one side of the head (and normally towards the front), that lasts for at least a few hours, and possibly up to three days.¹ The headache may be made worse by normal activity such as walking or climbing stairs.¹ A person with a migraine attack may feel nauseous, and may be extremely sensitive to light and sound.¹
  

• Migraine with aura – a headache together with a series of fully reversible visual, sensory or other symptoms, such as flashes of light, zig-zag patterns, or blind spots.^1,3 Alternatively, the headache may be accompanied by a feeling of pins and needles, tingling, or numbness in a hand, an arm or the face.^1,3 Less commonly, aura is associated with difficulty in speaking.¹ Aura symptoms can last from 5 minutes to an hour, and usually start before the headache.¹
  

In the hours (or even days) before and after a migraine attack, a person may experience prodrome and postdrome symptoms such as tiredness, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, or neck stiffness.¹

People with very frequent migraine attacks, with headaches on 15 or more days per month and migraine characteristics on at least 8 of those days, are said to have chronic migraine.¹

The most likely age group to have migraine is 35–39 years, and women are about twice as likely to have the disease as men.⁵ Around 20% of people with migraine experience aura symptoms.³

A global survey by the World Health Organization (WHO) found that people with migraine or other severe headaches miss an average of 7 days of work or activities per year because of their condition.⁶ Furthermore, people with chronic migraine have more than three times as many days when they are unable to carry out their normal activities as those with less frequent migraine attacks.⁷

People with migraine may be impacted by symptoms beyond their migraine attacks, such as low energy and difficulties with emotional or mental health.⁸

Migraine is diagnosed based on a history of the person’s headaches - including how often attacks occur and if the pain is moderate to severe, made worse by normal activity, ‘pulsating’, and on just one side of the head - and whether they have experienced other associated symptoms.³ It is often helpful for the person to keep a diary of their headaches to help their health care provider to diagnose them correctly.³

Lifestyle adjustments, such as having regular meals and sleep, can help avoid triggers and reduce the frequency of migraine attacks.³ Medications can be used during an attack to reduce its severity (acute treatment), and continuously to reduce the likelihood of a future attack (preventive treatment).^3,9 However, in a 30-year study of people with migraine, only around 40% ever consulted a doctor, and only around 60% used treatment of any kind.¹⁰

It is important that migraine management include special attention to acute medication usage. Overuse of acute medications may result in a secondary headache disorder called medication overuse headache.¹